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An army group in Turkey says it has taken over the country, with soldiers at strategic points in Istanbul and jets flying low in the capital, Ankara.
A statement read on TV said a "peace council" now ran the country and there was a curfew and martial law.
But PM Binali Yildirim said the situation was largely under control and a no-fly zone was declared over Ankara.
President Recep Tayyip Erdogan said he would overcome what he called an uprising by a minority.
In the last few minutes, Mr Erdogan's plane has landed at Istanbul airport, government sources say.
Earlier, there were reports of explosions at parliament building in Ankara.
It is unclear who the plotting army group is or its level of support. Some top army officials are said to be detained.
People across Turkey are very confused and surprised, the BBC's Katy Watson in Istanbul says.
In Washington, US President Barack Obama urged all parties in Turkey to support the "democratically elected government".
Nato called for "full respect" for Turkey's democratic institutions.
Mr Erdogan told CNN Turk by mobile phone the action was by a "parallel structure" that would bring the necessary response. He has used this term in the past to refer to Fethullah Gulen, a US-based Muslim cleric he accuses of fomenting unrest.
Mr Erdogan called on people to take to the streets to oppose the uprising.
He said: "I urge the Turkish people to convene at public squares and airports. I never believed in a power higher than the power of the people."
Reports earlier on Friday said the president was on holiday in the south-western resort of Marmaris.
Defying the announced curfew, a number of Erdogan supporters later turned out on Istanbul's central Taksim Square as reports of the attempted coup emerged.
There have since been reports of clashes there, with some on Twitter saying that gunfire has been heard near the square.
Mr Yildirim had earlier denounced an "illegal action" by a military "group", stressing it was not a coup. He said that the government remained in charge.
The military group's statement on national broadcaster TRT, read by an announcer, said that democratic and secular rule of law had been eroded by the current government. There would be new constitution, it said.
A Turkish presidential source told Reuters news agency that the statement was not authorised by the army's command.
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There are reports Turkey's top general, General Hulusi Akar, is among those taken hostage at the military HQ.
Mr Yildirim told NTV by telephone: "There was an illegal act by a group within the military that was acting out of the chain of military command. Our people should know that we will not allow any activity that would harm democracy."
Traffic has been stopped from crossing both the Bosphorus and Fatih Sultan Mehmet bridges in Istanbul.
There are reports of gunshots and at least one loud explosion in the capital Ankara. Other reports said soldiers were inside buildings of the Turkish state broadcaster in Ankara.
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Gunfire was also heard outside Istanbul police HQ and tanks are said to be stationed outside Istanbul airport. All flights are cancelled, reports say.
One European Union source told Reuters that the military action "looks like a relatively well-orchestrated coup by a substantial body of the military, not just a few colonels".
Visiting Moscow, US Secretary of State John Kerry said he hoped for peace and "continuity" in Turkey.
British Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson said he was "very concerned" by events.
Turkey's military coups
- 1993 - Claims of a "covert coup" intended to prevent a peace settlement with the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)
- 1980 - Military coup following armed conflict between right-wing and left-wing groups in the 1970s
- 1971 - Military coup known as the "coup by memorandum", which the military delivered instead of sending out tanks
- 1960 - Coup by group of young military officer outside chain of command, against the democratically-elected Democrat Party
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